{"id":103352,"date":"2026-08-26T09:59:52","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T08:59:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/?p=103352"},"modified":"2026-08-26T10:00:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:00:08","slug":"right-of-withdrawal-streaming-subscription","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/en\/herroepingsrecht-streamingabonnement\/","title":{"rendered":"Can a streaming service exclude its subscribers' right of withdrawal?"},"content":{"rendered":"

No, not just like that. On July 9, 2026, the Court of Justice ruled in its ruling Sky \u00d6sterreich<\/a> (ECJ, July 9, 2026, C-234\/25) that a streaming subscription with a dynamic selection does not constitute a supply of digital content, but rather a digital service. The implications are significant: the subscriber retains his 14-day right of withdrawal, and the standard checkbox through which he waives that right when placing an order is not sufficient. This rule applies in full in Belgium, because the Code of Economic Law reproduces the European provisions verbatim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The facts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sky \u00d6sterreich is an Austrian pay-TV channel that offers a streaming service in two packages: Sport & Live TV and Fiction & Live TV. Subscribers can watch live or on demand via a link or an app. Depending on the licenses, they can also download programs, but a download can only be viewed once and must be watched in its entirety within 48 hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anyone who signs up for a subscription online is required to accept a clause as part of the process. In it, they confirm that they are aware of the information regarding the right of withdrawal, agree that Sky \u00d6sterreich may begin performing the contract immediately\u2014even before the 14-day withdrawal period has expired\u2014and acknowledge that they thereby forfeit their right of withdrawal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Austrian consumer organization Verein f\u00fcr Konsumenteninformation sought a ban on that clause. According to the organization, the subscription is a digital service, meaning that the right of withdrawal can only expire once the service has been fully provided. Sky \u00d6sterreich maintained that it provides digital content, for which the right of withdrawal expires as soon as performance begins. The trial court ruled in favor of Sky \u00d6sterreich, while the appellate court ruled in favor of the consumer organization. The Oberste Gerichtshof, Austria\u2019s highest court, referred the question of classification to the Court of Justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ruling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The distinction between the supply of digital content and a digital service<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The subject matter of the case is an exception to the right of withdrawal. Article 9 of directive 2011\/83\/EU<\/a> on Consumer Rights (Consumer Rights Directive) grants consumers 14 days to withdraw from a distance contract without giving a reason. Article 16, first paragraph, (m) of that directive allows the merchant to exclude that right for digital content not supplied on a tangible medium, provided that the consumer expressly consents to immediate performance, acknowledges that they lose their right of withdrawal, and receives confirmation of this. That option does not exist for services: in that case, the right of withdrawal only expires after the service has been fully performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So everything depends on the classification. According to Directive (EU) 2019\/770<\/a> on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, this refers to any data produced and delivered in digital form. A digital service enables the consumer to create, process, store, or access digital data. At first glance, a streaming subscription fits both definitions, and the Court of Justice acknowledges this as well. The literal text alone was therefore insufficient to settle the matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decisive criterion: an fffer with a dynamic nature<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Court of Justice sets aside two obvious criteria. The technical method of transmission\u2014whether streaming or downloading\u2014is not decisive. Nor is the continuous nature of the supply, since both digital content and digital services can be supplied throughout the entire term of the contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decisive factor is the extent of the merchant\u2019s involvement. According to the Court of Justice, a digital service is characterized by the dynamic nature of the offering, which goes beyond merely making specific content available in a stable and continuous manner. That dynamic nature is evident, among other things, when the service adapts to the consumer\u2019s individual behavior, for example through playlists, favorites, or recommendations based on previously viewed content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Sky \u00d6sterreich case, the Court of Justice identified precisely those characteristics: the catalog is constantly updated, and the subscriber receives personalized recommendations based on their viewing behavior. The subscriber does not purchase a specific program, but rather access, at their own discretion, to a changing selection. Subject to factual verification by the Austrian court, such a subscription constitutes a digital service, not a supply of digital content. The Court of Justice also points out that the exception to the right of withdrawal must be interpreted strictly, and that, in case of doubt, the rules governing services apply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The abuse argument and proportional compensation following revocation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Sky Austria warned against abuse: a consumer could sign up for a subscription to watch a single soccer final or a new season of a series, watch everything, and then cancel. The Court of Justice does not dismiss this objection, but points to the existing safeguard. Anyone who requests immediate performance during the cancellation period and then cancels the contract must pay an amount proportional to what has already been provided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is important to note the nuance that the Court of Justice introduces in this regard in its ruling PE Digital<\/a> (ECJ, October 8, 2020, C-641\/19), in which the compensation was, in principle, calculated pro rata temporis. That time-proportional calculation is not the only permitted method. The provider may also determine the compensation based on the economic value of the content that the consumer has actually viewed, taking into account the price at which that content is offered on demand, outside of a subscription. Therefore, cancellation does not mean free viewing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal analysis and interpretation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Why the ruling has a direct impact on Article VI.53 of the CEL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Belgian legislature has adopted the European rules verbatim in the Code of Economic Law<\/a> (CEL). Article VI.47 of the CEL gives consumers 14 days to withdraw a distance contract. Article VI.53, 13\u00b0 of the CEL excludes this right for digital content without a tangible medium, subject to the same three conditions as the Directive: explicit consent to immediate performance, acknowledgment of the loss of the right of withdrawal, and confirmation by the business. For services, Article VI.53, 1\u00b0 of the CEL applies: the right of withdrawal does not expire until after full performance. The definitions of \u201cdigital content\u201d and \u201cdigital service\u201d are set forth in Article I.8, 35\u00b0, and 40\u00b0 of the CEL and are identical to those in the Directive; they were introduced by the Act of May 8, 2022, effective as of May 28, 2022, transposing the Omnibus Directive<\/a> (Directive (EU) 2019\/2161).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The consequence is obvious. A Belgian streaming service or other digital subscription platform that based its ordering process on Article VI.53, 13\u00b0 of the CEL, with a checkbox that waives the right of withdrawal from the very first second, is now in jeopardy following this ruling. If the offer is dynamic, Article VI.53, 1\u00b0 of the CEL applies, and that provision does not cause the right of withdrawal to lapse until the contract has been fully performed. A one-month or one-year subscription is not fully performed on the day of enrollment, even if the entire catalog is immediately accessible. The subscriber can therefore withdraw within 14 days. Anyone who nevertheless enforces the clause risks more than just a dispute with a single customer: a misinformed consumer may invoke an extended withdrawal period, and consumer organizations may, as in Austria, seek a collective injunction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Court of Justice does not specify where the dynamic nature begins<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The criterion is clear at the extremes but open in the middle. Purchasing a single movie on a video platform remains digital content, even if it is delivered via streaming. A subscription with recommendation algorithms, profiles, and a changing catalog is a digital service. In between lies a gray area. Is a catalog that is updated monthly, without any personalization, sufficient? Is a platform that offers playlists but does not make recommendations already considered dynamic? The Court of Justice provides guidance, not a definitive definition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two guiding principles help alleviate the uncertainty. First, the exception set forth in Article 16, paragraph 1(m) of the Consumer Rights Directive must be interpreted strictly, as the Court of Justice has already ruled in the PE Digital case. Second, according to Recital 30 of the Omnibus Directive, in cases of doubt, the services regime applies. Both principles point in the same direction: if a provider is unsure whether its offering is dynamic enough to qualify as a service, it must assume that it is. The dispute thus shifts from the question of how the data is technically delivered to the question of what the provider does during the term of the contract. For subscription services offered as Software as a Service<\/a> , that classification was already familiar; for media subscriptions, it is now just as unavoidable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The refund following cancellation may be based on the value of the content viewed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The most practical part of the ruling concerns the settlement. Article VI.51, \u00a7 3 of the CEL, the Belgian counterpart to Article 14(3) of the Consumer Rights Directive, requires a consumer who withdraws from a contract after requesting immediate performance to pay a proportionate amount, calculated based on the total contract price, or on the market value if that price is excessive. In the PE Digital ruling, the court interpreted this to mean a pro rata temporis calculation: someone who used a monthly subscription for three days pays one-tenth of the monthly price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sky \u00d6sterreich ruling refines that interpretation for subscriptions centered on premium content. If a consumer takes out a subscription for the sole purpose of viewing content of particularly high value\u2014such as a major sporting event or a season finale\u2014during the withdrawal period, the compensation need not be based solely on the time elapsed. The provider may offset the economic value of the content viewed, using the price of that same content in a standalone on-demand offering as a benchmark. Someone who watches the final and cancels the next day therefore does not pay one-thirtieth of the monthly fee, but may be charged for what that match would have cost on its own. In addition, Article VI.51, \u00a7 6 of the CEL stipulates that, following withdrawal, the consumer must refrain from any further use of the service, which allows the provider to deactivate the account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specifically, what does this mean?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For providers of streaming and other digital subscriptions.<\/strong> First, define your offering, and only then build your ordering process. A dynamic catalog, user profiles, playlists, and recommendations indicate a digital service, in which case a clause that waives the right of withdrawal at the time of registration is invalid. Review the registration flow and the terms and conditions<\/a>: Provide accurate information about the 14-day cooling-off period, request an explicit request for immediate performance, and include a clause governing proportional compensation in the event of withdrawal, with the option to offset the value of viewed peak content. Anyone who also offers content on a pay-per-view basis makes that offset immediately quantifiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For consumers.<\/strong> Checking a box when signing up for a dynamic streaming platform does not void your right of withdrawal. You can cancel the subscription within 14 days, even after you\u2019ve already watched content. It\u2019s not free, though: you owe a pro-rata fee for what you\u2019ve actually used, and for expensive premium content, that fee can approach the price of a single purchase. The fact that the Belgian right of withdrawal also applies to foreign providers was already demonstrated in our previous article on the question of whether a foreign online store must respect the Belgian right of withdrawal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Do I have a right of withdrawal if I sign up for a streaming subscription?<\/strong>
Yes. A streaming subscription with a dynamic offering\u2014that is, one with a changing catalog and personalized recommendations\u2014is a digital service. You then have 14 days to withdraw the contract without giving a reason, and that right does not expire until the service has been fully performed. A checkbox on the order form cannot waive that right in advance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If I withdraw my subscription, do I have to pay for what I've already watched?<\/strong>
Yes, if you yourself requested that the service begin immediately. In that case, you will pay an amount proportional to what has already been provided. For content of particularly high value, such as a major sporting event, the provider may charge the economic value of that content, for example, at the price at which it is sold separately on demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does this ruling also apply to music, gaming, and newspaper subscriptions?<\/strong>
This reasoning is not limited to video streaming. Any digital subscription with a dynamic offering\u2014such as music platforms with playlists and recommendations, cloud gaming, or enhanced news subscriptions\u2014is eligible to be classified as a digital service. The decisive factor in each case is what the provider does during the term of the subscription: updating, analyzing, and personalizing the content, or simply providing the same content consistently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Sky \u00d6sterreich ruling redraws the line between digital content and digital services: it is not the technology of streaming or downloading that matters, but the dynamic nature of the offering. For Belgium, this means that streaming platforms can no longer hide behind Article VI.53, 13\u00b0 of the CEL, and that their subscribers retain a 14-day cooling-off period, offset by a proportionate fee that may reflect the value of the most-viewed content. Providers of digital subscriptions in Belgium would be well advised to have their ordering process and terms and conditions reviewed now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\n
Do you have questions about the right of withdrawal for your digital service, or would you like to have your sign-up process and terms and conditions reviewed in light of this ruling? Contact our lawyers specializing in IT law and e-commerce for an initial assessment of your case.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nee, niet zomaar. Het Hof van Justitie oordeelde op 9 juli 2026 in het arrest Sky \u00d6sterreich (HvJ 9 juli 2026, C-234\/25) dat een streamingabonnement met een dynamisch aanbod geen levering van digitale inhoud is, maar een digitale dienst. Het gevolg is groot: de abonnee behoudt zijn herroepingsrecht van 14 dagen, en het gebruikelijke aanvinkvakje […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":103353,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[186,179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-b2c","category-contractenrecht"],"yoast_head":"\nHerroepingsrecht bij streamingabonnementen | ICT Rechtswijzer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Het Hof van Justitie besliste dat een dynamisch streamingabonnement een digitale dienst is: de abonnee behoudt 14 dagen herroepingsrecht. 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