{"id":103152,"date":"2026-07-20T13:03:07","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T12:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/?p=103152"},"modified":"2026-07-20T20:11:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T19:11:10","slug":"journalistic-exception-gdpr-criminal-convictions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/en\/journalistieke-uitzondering-gdpr-strafvonnissen\/","title":{"rendered":"Does the journalistic exception to the GDPR apply to the online publication of criminal convictions?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Simply posting court rulings online does not make someone a journalist. On July 9, 2026, the Court of Justice ruled in the Legal Newsdesk Sweden case (No. C-199\/24<\/a>) that making criminal convictions accessible solely for a fee does not, in principle, constitute processing for journalistic purposes, and therefore does not provide an exemption from the safeguards and legal remedies of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)<\/a>. Equally important: a Member State may not deprive the person concerned of those legal remedies by classifying the activity as falling under the freedom of expression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The facts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Legal Newsdesk Sweden, formerly Garrapatica, operates the Lexbase database. For a fee, anyone can use it to search for individuals and companies who have been prosecuted in a Swedish court and to view the convictions. The database had been issued a Swedish publication certificate, which grants it constitutional protection under Swedish law regarding freedom of speech<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The petitioner, referred to as ND, was convicted of a criminal offense on January 17, 2011. That conviction remained on Lexbase until February 2024. Although ND had requested that his data be deleted, it was not deleted immediately but only later, in accordance with the internal data retention policy. He filed a claim with the Attunda court of first instance seeking approximately 26,000 euros in damages for a violation of the GDPR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal Newsdesk defended itself by citing the publication certificate. Under Swedish law, the GDPR does not apply in such cases, because the protection of personal data is governed by two laws of constitutional rank: those concerning freedom of the press and freedom of expression. Under this framework, the data subject is entitled only to criminal prosecution or a claim for damages for defamation, and has no rights under the GDPR, including the right to erasure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Swedish court referred three questions to the Court of Justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The first question was whether a Member State may extend the journalistic exception to processing for other purposes. No, the Court ruled: Article 85(1) of the GDPR does not permit going beyond the scope of paragraph 2. Member States may deviate from certain chapters of the Regulation only for journalistic, academic, artistic, or literary purposes. The list in paragraph 2 is exhaustive and must be interpreted strictly, and Recital 153 confirms that the exemptions apply only to those purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This raised the question of whether a Member State may restrict the data subject to filing a defamation complaint only when information about his conviction is available online for a fee. That, too, is not permitted. Chapter VIII of the GDPR, which governs complaints to the supervisory authority (Article 77), judicial remedies (Articles 78 and 79), and compensation (Article 82), is not included in the list in paragraph 2. These legal remedies are directly applicable, and a Member State may not exclude them or subject them to additional substantive conditions. This is all the more significant here because the Swedish defamation law exonerates the publisher as soon as he demonstrates that the information was accurate or that he had reasonable grounds to believe it was accurate. For a correctly reported conviction, the defamation remedy therefore offers the person concerned little benefit, whereas the GDPR grants them the right to erasure and other rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The third question got to the heart of the matter: when is such a publication journalistic in nature? Making public documents regarding criminal convictions available online constitutes processing, and the concept of journalistic purposes must be interpreted broadly, as was already established in the Satakunnan Markkinap\u00f6rssi and Satamedia<\/a>ruling. However, \u201cbroad\u201d does not mean \u201cunlimited.\u201d Relying on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court established three requirements: the processing must serve to disclose information, opinions, or ideas; it must be carried out in accordance with the ethical rules of the journalistic profession; and this must follow some form of editing or processing\u2014or at least adhere to an editorial line\u2014and be preceded by verification of the accuracy of the facts. The fact that the activity is carried out for payment or concerns criminal convictions does not, in itself, preclude a journalistic purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Court did not itself make the final assessment, but noted that the mere reproduction of court rulings does not appear to require any editing or processing, nor does it seem to necessitate an editorial approach, and that there is no indication that the operator adheres to journalistic ethics. It is up to the Swedish court to determine this. Because anyone can gain access to the convictions for a fee, the Court held that the processing that merely facilitates that access cannot be considered journalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal analysis and interpretation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Court's criteria are already included in Belgian law<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

What the Court of Justice has inferred from Article 85 of the GDPR was already codified by the Belgian legislature in 2018. Article 24, \u00a7 1 of the Act of July 30, 2018, on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data (Data Protection Act or DPA<\/a>) defines processing for journalistic purposes as the preparation, collection, drafting, production, dissemination, or archiving of information for the purpose of informing the public, using any medium, and in which the data controller undertakes to comply with journalistic ethical standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That ethical requirement is precisely the crux of what the Court now demands. A Lexbase-style service would therefore fail on the same grounds in Belgium: no selection or interpretation, no editorial line, no fact-checking, and no adherence to a journalistic code of conduct. The ruling thus confirms Belgium\u2019s approach, rather than undermining it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why the Swedish problem can't apply in Belgium<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The most contentious issue is structural. Unlike Sweden, Belgium has not set aside Chapter VIII of the GDPR, nor has it excluded the right to erasure. Article 24, \u00a7 2 of the DPA lists the GDPR articles that do not apply to journalistic processing: Articles 7 through 10, 11.2, 13 through 16, 18 through 20, and 21.1. Article 17, the right to erasure, is not included in that list, nor are the legal remedies under Chapter VIII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result, a person in Belgium retains their right to erasure and their full range of legal remedies, even when the journalistic exception applies. The Swedish approach, in which only the defamation claim remained, is precisely what Article 85 prohibits, according to the Court. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacious, but not limitless<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Court adheres to a broad interpretation of journalism but incorporates substantive thresholds. This leaves one question unanswered: Is it sufficient for a publisher to declare that it follows journalistic standards, or must it demonstrate that it actually complies with them? The Court refers to publication in accordance with professional ethics, whereas Article 24, \u00a7 1 of the Data Protection Act refers to a data controller who makes compliance its duty. There is a gap between making compliance a commitment and actually complying, and the Court leaves it to the national court to determine how strictly this will be assessed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specifically, what does this mean?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For those who operate a database of court rulings.<\/strong> Making court judgments available solely for a fee does not constitute a journalistic exemption. Anyone wishing to invoke the exception must be able to demonstrate genuine editorial activity: selection and interpretation, an editorial line, fact-checking, and a commitment to journalistic ethics. Additionally, consider a valid legal basis under Article 6 of the GDPR in conjunction with the special regime for criminal data under Article 10 of the GDPR, as well as purpose limitation and proportionate retention periods. The Belgian practice of anonymizing criminal convictions is therefore the safest approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the person whose conviction is posted online.<\/strong> You retain your GDPR rights, even when the processor invokes freedom of expression. You may submit a request for erasure (Article 17 of the GDPR, which in Belgium is not excluded for journalistic processing), file a complaint with the Data Protection Authority (Article 77 of the GDPR), bring a legal action before a court (Article 79 of the GDPR), and claim compensation (Article 82 of the GDPR). The processor cannot preclude these legal remedies by characterizing its activity as free speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Is it permissible to publish court rulings online, naming the parties involved?<\/strong>
Publication is permitted, but it still constitutes the processing of personal data, which requires a legal basis and, in the case of criminal data, a specific legal basis. Without genuine journalistic activity, you do not qualify for the GDPR exemption, and, moreover, the stricter regime of Article 10 of the GDPR applies to criminal convictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When does a database of court rulings fall under the journalistic exception to the GDPR?<\/strong>
Only when the purpose of the processing is to inform the public is it carried out in accordance with journalistic ethics, following some form of editorial processing or at least in line with editorial guidelines, and after verification of the facts. Merely making the information searchable for a fee is not sufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can I have my criminal conviction removed from a website?<\/strong>
You may submit a request for erasure to the data processor. In Belgium, this right remains valid even if the website invokes freedom of speech. The request will be weighed against any remaining legitimate interests, but the processor cannot prevent you from filing a complaint with the Data Protection Authority or bringing a claim before a court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Simply publishing criminal judgments online does not automatically constitute journalism. The Court of Justice requires genuine editorial oversight, fact-checking, and adherence to journalistic ethics, and confirms that a Member State may not deprive the individual concerned of their GDPR remedies. For Belgium, this aligns with the existing provisions in Article 24 of the DPA, under which the right to erasure and the legal remedies remain in effect in any case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\n
Do you have questions about the journalistic exception, a request for erasure, the publication of court rulings, or a dispute regarding data protection? Our lawyers specializing in data protection and media law would be happy to assist you. Please feel free to contact us.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wie rechterlijke uitspraken online zet, is daarom nog geen journalist. Het Hof van Justitie oordeelde op 9 juli 2026 in de zaak Legal Newsdesk Sweden (nr. C-199\/24) dat het louter tegen betaling toegankelijk maken van strafrechtelijke veroordelingen in beginsel geen verwerking voor journalistieke doeleinden is, en dus geen vrijstelling oplevert van de waarborgen en rechtsmiddelen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":103153,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61,160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gdpr","category-vrijheid-van-meningsuiting"],"yoast_head":"\nJournalistieke uitzondering GDPR bij strafrechtelijke veroordelingen<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Het online zetten van strafrechtelijke veroordelingen is niet vanzelf journalistiek. 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