{"id":103108,"date":"2026-07-14T12:51:12","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T11:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/?p=103108"},"modified":"2026-07-14T12:51:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T11:51:27","slug":"publication-doping-sanction-gdpr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ictrechtswijzer.be\/en\/publicatie-doping-sanctie-gdpr\/","title":{"rendered":"Can a sports association just post the name of a doped athlete online?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A national anti-doping organization may publish on the Internet the name of an athlete caught doping, the sanction imposed, and the reason for it, but not without limits. That is the essence of the Court of Justice\u2019s July 14, 2026, ruling (Case C-474\/24<\/a>). Such publications fall under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)<\/a>, and, apart from the exceptions established by law, the organization must be able to assess on a case-by-case basis whether the publication is proportionate, particularly with regard to its scope and duration. This is an important message for Belgian data controllers subject to a publication requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The facts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Four Austrian athletes (referred to in the proceedings as AR, YT, DI, and RN) were sanctioned following anti-doping proceedings, with penalties ranging from a fixed-term suspension to a lifetime ban from competition. These sanctions were imposed by the Austrian Anti-Doping Tribunal (\u00d6ADR) or, on appeal, by the Independent Arbitration Commission (USK).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pursuant to the Austrian Anti-Doping Act, the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA Austria) published these sanctions on its website in tabular form: name, sport, violation committed, sanction, and start and end dates. The \u00d6ADR did the same in press releases, sometimes including the name of the banned substance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The athletes requested that their names and sports be removed. When that request was denied, they filed a complaint with the Austrian Data Protection Authority and ultimately took the matter to the Federal Administrative Court, which referred seven questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Court addressed five substantive questions. We will briefly review them below, along with the Court\u2019s specific rulings on each.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does this fall under the GDPR?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Yes. The exception provided for in Article 2, paragraph 2, subparagraph (a) of the GDPR<\/a>, for activities outside the scope of Union law, must be interpreted narrowly. It applies only to processing carried out in the context of national security or activities equivalent thereto. The fight against doping does not fall within that scope. According to the Court, the fact that this matter falls within the competence of the Member States and that sport need not be an economic activity does not alter this. In reaching this conclusion, the Court relied heavily on its earlier Saeima of the Republic of Latvia (Penalty Points)<\/a> ruling (ECJ, June 22, 2021, C-439\/19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is this a health data?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In principle, no. The mere fact that someone violated an anti-doping rule and was suspended as a result does not, in and of itself, constitute health data within the meaning of Article 9 of the GDPR. According to the Court, this changes as soon as the publication mentions the name or category of the prohibited substance or method, and that mention, together with other information, can directly or indirectly reveal something about the athlete\u2019s state of health. The Court thus confirms its broad interpretation of the concept of health data based on, among other things, Lindqvist<\/a> and Linden Pharmacy<\/a>. Whether that is the case here is a matter for the national court to decide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can the law impose such a disclosure requirement?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Yes, provided there is a way out for individual cases. Art. 5, paragraph 1, subparagraphs (a) and (c), and Article 6, paragraph 3 of the GDPR do not preclude national regulations that require anti-doping organizations to publish online the name, duration, and reason for the suspension, with exceptions for amateur athletes, particularly vulnerable individuals, and whistleblowers. However, this is subject to the condition that the regulation allows the data controller, outside of those exceptions and prior to publication, to conduct an individual balancing of interests to ensure that the publication complies with the GDPR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Court acknowledges that the publication serves a public interest (deterrence and preventing circumvention of the ban on collaboration with a suspended athlete) and is appropriate and, in principle, necessary for that purpose. Nevertheless, the Court expressly warns that naming an individual on the internet constitutes a serious interference with the right to privacy and data protection: it can lead to social disapproval and stigmatization, is accessible to a public that is, in principle, unlimited, and may continue to circulate even after it has been removed. According to the Court, a publication that lasts longer than the sanction, or that continues until an age at which the athlete can no longer be active, is, in principle, disproportionate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does this involve criminal records?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

No. Article 10 of the GDPR, which provides enhanced protection for data relating to criminal convictions and offenses, does not apply here. Anti-doping violations and sanctions are directed solely at a specific group\u2014athletes\u2014and are intended to ensure compliance with rules of conduct within that group, just as disciplinary sanctions do. This distinguishes this case from Latvijas Republikas Saeima, where the penalty points were based on a generally applicable regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can someone file a complaint before publication?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Partially. A complaint under Article 77 of the GDPR may be admissible even before processing has taken place, provided there are concrete indications that the publication is imminent or will occur in the near future, and that it is not merely hypothetical. The Court thereby assigned the supervisory authority a preventive role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal analysis and interpretation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The key lies in the individual assessment, not in the disclosure requirement itself<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Court\u2019s most practical ruling is not that publication is permitted, but rather the condition attached to it. The Austrian legislature had already made that determination at the statutory level: it specified what may be published and for whom an exception applies. The Court now states that such an abstract determination made in advance is not sufficient in all cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where that is the case, the organization publishing the data must still make its own assessment before going online. In other words: a statutory publication requirement does not relieve the data controller of its own accountability under Article 5(2) of the GDPR. This is an important distinction, because it shifts part of the assessment from the legislature to the organization that clicks the \u201cpublish\u201d button. Therefore, anyone dealing with a legally mandated publication cannot simply hide behind the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Same facts, different ruling: The Court does not agree with the Advocate General regarding Article 10<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

On one point, the Court diverged from its Advocate General, and that deserves attention. Advocate General Spielmann had, in his conclusion of September 25, 2025<\/a> considered that Article 10 of the GDPR may indeed apply. He based his reasoning on the so-called Engel criteria (the test from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights<\/a> to determine whether a sanction is criminal in nature) and found that a lifetime suspension is so severe that its consequences resemble those of a criminal sanction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Court took a different approach. It did not focus on the severity of the sanction, but rather on the target group of the regulation: because the rules apply only to athletes and are intended to ensure compliance with group-based rules of conduct, they remain disciplinary sanctions and not criminal sanctions. For those who wish to see the tension between the two approaches: the Advocate General looked at what the sanction does to the individual concerned, while the Court looked at whom it affects. That is no mere detail. The Court\u2019s reasoning has broader applicability and keeps Article 10 of the GDPR out of virtually any disciplinary regime, even if a disciplinary sanction can end a career.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A health fact that depends on who is reading this<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Court\u2019s middle-ground position on Article 9 of the GDPR is legally elegant but difficult to apply in practice. The athlete\u2019s name plus the sanction imposed on him or her does not constitute health data; if you add the prohibited substance, it can become such data. The Court reiterates its established position that data falls under Article 9 as soon as it can reveal something about health through a process of comparison or inference. The name of a substance alone is generally not sufficient, but in combination with other data, it can be\u2014for example, when the athlete used the substance for health reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result, the classification is not fixed in the data itself, but depends on what a reader can infer from it. This makes the assessment context-dependent and therefore uncertain. An organization that publishes the substance name thereby runs the risk that, depending on the circumstances, it may suddenly be processing sensitive data and require an exception under Article 9(2) of the GDPR. The lesson the organization can learn from this is simple: omitting the substance name largely eliminates the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specifically, what does this mean?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For organizations subject to a legal obligation to publish.<\/strong> A law that requires you to publish personal data is not a free pass. In addition to the legal exceptions, make sure you have an internal procedure in place to conduct a case-by-case assessment before publication, and document that assessment. At a minimum, weigh the severity of the violation, the public profile of the data subject, the scope (does this really need to be accessible to the entire world, or would a more targeted notification suffice?), and the duration (do not publish for longer than the sanction remains in effect). The Advocate General suggested pseudonymization or a more limited audience as less intrusive alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For those involved who wish to intervene before publication.<\/strong> You do not have to wait until your data is published online. As soon as there are concrete indications that publication is imminent, you can file a complaint with the Data Protection Authority, provided that the publication is not purely hypothetical. Be sure to cite the correct legal basis: a request for erasure (Art. 17 of the GDPR) presupposes that something has already been published. If you want to prevent a publication, you\u2019re better off pursuing a preventive claim or a request for restriction\u2014as the Advocate General noted\u2014rather than filing a request for erasure that is premature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For external DPOs and consultants.<\/strong> This ruling extends beyond sports. Any sector in which sanctions or names are disclosed pursuant to law or regulation (such as disciplinary regimes, professional registries, or publications by regulatory authorities) may face the same issue. The Court confirms that the data controller\u2019s accountability continues to apply, even within a legal framework. Make sure to incorporate this balancing step as a standard practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Is a sports federation or disciplinary body allowed to publish the name of an athlete caught cheating online?<\/strong>
Yes, if there is a legal or regulatory basis for it and the publication serves a legitimate purpose, such as deterrence and preventing circumvention of the prohibition on collaboration. However, outside of the established exceptions, the organization must assess on a case-by-case basis whether the publication is proportionate, particularly with regard to its scope and duration. Publishing without any individual assessment may violate the GDPR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Is the mention of a banned performance-enhancing substance considered health information under the GDPR?<\/strong>
Not automatically. The athlete\u2019s name and the sanction imposed on him are not, in and of themselves, health information. If the publication also mentions the prohibited substance, and if that mention, together with other information, could reveal something about the athlete\u2019s health status, then it may indeed constitute health data, resulting in the stricter rules of Article 9 of the GDPR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can I file a GDPR complaint before my data is published?<\/strong>
That is possible, provided that, at the time the complaint is filed, there are concrete indications that the publication is imminent or will take place shortly, and that it is not merely hypothetical. However, a complaint based specifically on the right to erasure presupposes that the information has already been published; to prevent publication, it is better to choose a different legal basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Court of Justice confirms that the public disclosure of the names of athletes who have used performance-enhancing drugs falls under the GDPR and is, in principle, permissible, but requires an individual proportionality assessment prior to publication, rejects the application of Article 10 of the GDPR to disciplinary regimes, and leaves the door open for health data once the prohibited substance is mentioned. The common thread is that a statutory obligation to publish does not relieve the data controller of its own duty to weigh the interests involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\n
Are you facing a legal or regulatory obligation to publish information, a disciplinary case, or a GDPR complaint regarding the publication of personal data, and would you like to know how to properly conduct the required assessment? Our firm can assist you with data protection law and GDPR compliance. Please feel free to contact us for an initial discussion of your case.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Een nationale antidopingorganisatie mag de naam van een betrapte sporter, zijn sanctie en de reden ervan op internet publiceren, maar niet grenzeloos. Dat is de kern van het arrest van het Hof van Justitie van 14 juli 2026 (zaak C-474\/24). Zulke publicaties vallen onder de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG\/GDPR), en de organisatie moet buiten de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":103109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gdpr"],"yoast_head":"\nNaam gedopeerde sporter online zetten? | ICT Rechtswijzer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mag een sportbond de naam van een gedopeerde sporter online zetten? 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